水生(sheng)植物對污(wu)染物的(de)清除(chu)及(ji)其應用(yong)

　　人類的(de)(de)活(huo)動會(hui)使大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)工業(ye)、農業(ye)和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)排入水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)，使水(shui)受到污(wu)染(ran)(ran)。水(shui)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)可(ke)根據污(wu)染(ran)(ran)雜質(zhi)的(de)(de)不同而(er)主(zhu)要分(fen)(fen)為(wei)化學(xue)(xue)(xue)性污(wu)染(ran)(ran)、物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)性污(wu)染(ran)(ran)和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)性污(wu)染(ran)(ran)三(san)大(da)類，基(ji)本上以化學(xue)(xue)(xue)性污(wu)染(ran)(ran)為(wei)主(zhu)。具體污(wu)染(ran)(ran)雜質(zhi)有(you)(you)無(wu)機(ji)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)、無(wu)機(ji)有(you)(you)毒(du)(du)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)、有(you)(you)機(ji)有(you)(you)毒(du)(du)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)、植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)營養物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)等。而(er)對(dui)于這(zhe)些污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)清(qing)除中(zhong)(zhong)，水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)起著非常(chang)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)指生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)上依(yi)附于水(shui)環境、至少部(bu)分(fen)(fen)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖周期發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)或水(shui)表(biao)面的(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)類群。水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)致(zhi)可(ke)區分(fen)(fen)為(wei)四類：挺水(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、沉水(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、浮葉(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)與漂浮植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。而(er)大(da)型水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是除小型藻類以外所有(you)(you)水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)類群。水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態系統的(de)(de)重(zhong)要組成(cheng)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)初級生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產者，對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態系統物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)和(he)(he)能(neng)量(liang)的(de)(de)循環和(he)(he)傳遞起調控(kong)作(zuo)用(yong)。它還可(ke)固定(ding)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)懸浮物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，并可(ke)起到潛(qian)在(zai)的(de)(de)去毒(du)(du)作(zuo)用(yong)。水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)環境化學(xue)(xue)(xue)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)積(ji)累、代(dai)謝、歸趨中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)也是不可(ke)忽視(shi)的(de)(de)。用(yong)水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)來(lai)監測水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)、對(dui)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)進行生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態毒(du)(du)理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)評(ping)價及其進入生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鏈以后的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)積(ji)累、修(xiu)飾和(he)(he)轉運，對(dui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態的(de)(de)保護和(he)(he)人畜健(jian)康方面有(you)(you)非常(chang)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)意義(yi)。

　　1水(shui)生植物(wu)對污染物(wu)的(de)清除

　　1.1水(shui)(shui)生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)對(dui)氮(dan)磷(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)除湖泊(bo)(bo)富(fu)(fu)營養(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)已成(cheng)為一個世界性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境問題。利用(yong)水(shui)(shui)生大型植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)富(fu)(fu)集(ji)氮(dan)磷(lin)是治理、調(diao)節和(he)(he)抑制湖泊(bo)(bo)富(fu)(fu)營養(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效途徑之一。湖泊(bo)(bo)水(shui)(shui)環境包括水(shui)(shui)體和(he)(he)底質兩部分，水(shui)(shui)體中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氮(dan)磷(lin)可(ke)(ke)由(you)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)殘(can)體沉(chen)降、底泥吸附(fu)、沉(chen)積(ji)等遷移(yi)到底質中(zhong)(zhong)。對(dui)過去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)(yang)狀況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追蹤表明，水(shui)(shui)生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)(ke)調(diao)節溫(wen)度適中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淺(qian)水(shui)(shui)湖中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)(yang)濃度。而(er)(er)大型沉(chen)水(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)則通過根部吸收底質中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氮(dan)磷(lin)，從而(er)(er)具有(you)比(bi)浮(fu)水(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)更強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)富(fu)(fu)集(ji)氮(dan)磷(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力。沉(chen)水(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)著巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)量(liang)，與環境進行著大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質和(he)(he)能(neng)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交換，形成(cheng)了十分龐大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境容(rong)量(liang)和(he)(he)強(qiang)有(you)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)凈能(neng)力。在沉(chen)水(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分布(bu)(bu)區內，COD、BOD，總磷(lin)、銨氮(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含量(liang)都(dou)普遍遠低(di)于其外無沉(chen)水(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分布(bu)(bu)區。而(er)(er)漂浮(fu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)致密生長使湖水(shui)(shui)復氧受阻，水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)溶解(jie)氧大大降低(di)，水(shui)(shui)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)凈能(neng)力并未提高，且(qie)造(zao)成(cheng)二次污染(ran)，影(ying)響航運(yun)。挺水(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)則必須在濕地、淺(qian)灘，湖岸等處生長，即合適深度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁衍場所(suo)，具有(you)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限性。

　　1.2水(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)對重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)清除(chu)水(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)對重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd、Co、Ni、Cu等有(you)很強的(de)吸收積累能(neng)力。眾多的(de)研究表明，環(huan)境中(zhong)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)含(han)量(liang)與植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)組織中(zhong)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)含(han)量(liang)成正(zheng)相關，因此(ci)可以通過分析植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體內(nei)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)來指示環(huan)境中(zhong)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)水(shui)平。戴(dai)全裕在(zai)20世(shi)紀80年(nian)代初從水(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)角(jiao)度(du)對太湖(hu)進行了(le)監測和(he)評價，認(ren)為水(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)對湖(hu)泊(bo)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)具有(you)監測能(neng)力。水(shui)生(sheng)大型植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)以其(qi)生(sheng)長快速(su)、吸收大量(liang)營養物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)特(te)點(dian)為降(jiang)低(di)(di)水(shui)中(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)含(han)量(liang)提供了(le)一個經濟可行的(de)方法，例如可以通過控制浮(fu)萍的(de)濃(nong)度(du)使有(you)機和(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)工(gong)業廢物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)含(han)量(liang)降(jiang)低(di)(di)到最小。在(zai)室內(nei)實(shi)驗中(zhong)，浮(fu)萍可大幅度(du)降(jiang)低(di)(di)廢水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)鐵(tie)和(he)鋅(xin)，對錳的(de)去除(chu)效率達100%。浮(fu)萍對重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)富(fu)集(ji)程度(du)超過了(le)藻類和(he)被子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)Azollafilliculoides，尤其(qi)是鋅(xin)的(de)富(fu)集(ji)系(xi)數很高，植(zhi)(zhi)株內(nei)的(de)濃(nong)度(du)比外面培養基內(nei)高2700倍。

　　1.3水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)對有(you)(you)毒有(you)(you)機(ji)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)清除(chu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)利于有(you)(you)機(ji)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)降解(jie)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)能(neng)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)和(he)富集某些(xie)小分(fen)子(zi)有(you)(you)機(ji)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)通過(guo)促進物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)沉(chen)淀和(he)促進微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)解(jie)作用來(lai)凈化水(shui)(shui)(shui)體。農(nong)業污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)"非點狀源"的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)，大(da)多(duo)數農(nong)業污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)包(bao)括(kuo)來(lai)自作物(wu)(wu)(wu)施肥或動物(wu)(wu)(wu)飼養地的(de)(de)(de)氮磷(lin)以(yi)及農(nong)藥等。對除(chu)草劑(ji)莠(you)去(qu)津來(lai)說，它在(zai)(zai)環(huan)境中大(da)量存在(zai)(zai)，小溪中一般為1～5μg/L，含量較高時為20μg/L，而靠近農(nong)田(tian)的(de)(de)(de)區域達500μg/L，甚至1mg/L[18]。水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)大(da)型(xing)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)常生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)在(zai)(zai)施用點附近，農(nong)藥濃(nong)度很高，暴露時間很長(chang)(chang)，所以(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)大(da)型(xing)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)浮游植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)對于莠(you)去(qu)津比(bi)無(wu)脊椎動物(wu)(wu)(wu)、浮游動物(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)魚類更(geng)敏感。高等植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)雖不能(neng)礦化莠(you)去(qu)津，但可(ke)以(yi)用不同的(de)(de)(de)途徑來(lai)修飾。Zablotowics等[19]在(zai)(zai)研(yan)究藻(zao)(zao)(zao)類對伏(fu)草隆的(de)(de)(de)降解(jie)中發現，纖(xian)維藻(zao)(zao)(zao)和(he)月(yue)芽藻(zao)(zao)(zao)能(neng)使阿特拉(la)津去(qu)烴基。衣、綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)屬(shu)也能(neng)降解(jie)阿特拉(la)津。一種(zhong)高忍耐性(xing)地衣的(de)(de)(de)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)層比(bi)率的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化可(ke)顯示出當地空(kong)氣(qi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化。毒死蜱在(zai)(zai)伊(yi)樂藻(zao)(zao)(zao)和(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體中的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)布表明，水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)有(you)(you)機(ji)成分(fen)并(bing)有(you)(you)將其(qi)從水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)環(huan)境中去(qu)除(chu)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力。金魚藻(zao)(zao)(zao)對滅害(hai)威的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)著(zhu)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究中，生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)活躍的(de)(de)(de)小枝(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)老枝(zhi)(zhi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)5倍。膜構(gou)造及其(qi)完整性(xing)好象是(shi)(shi)重要的(de)(de)(de)決(jue)定(ding)因(yin)子(zi)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)對RHC,DDT，PCBs殘留的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)和(he)積(ji)累中，果實比(bi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株，葉比(bi)根貯存更(geng)多(duo)。

　　1.4水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)與其他生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)協同作用(yong)對污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)除根系(xi)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)與鳳眼(yan)蓮(lian)(lian)等植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)協同凈(jing)化(hua)作用(yong)。一些水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)還可以通過通氣組織把氧氣自葉輸送到(dao)(dao)根部，然后擴散到(dao)(dao)周圍水(shui)中，供水(shui)中微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)，尤(you)其是(shi)根際微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)呼吸(xi)和分解污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)之用(yong)。在鳳眼(yan)蓮(lian)(lian)、水(shui)浮(fu)蓮(lian)(lian)等植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)根部，吸(xi)附(fu)有(you)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)和浮(fu)游生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)，大大增加了生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多樣性，使不同種類(lei)污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)逐次得以凈(jing)化(hua)。利用(yong)固定化(hua)氮循環細(xi)菌(jun)技術，可使氮循環細(xi)菌(jun)從載體中不斷向水(shui)體釋放，并在水(shui)域中擴散，影響了水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高等植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)根部的(de)(de)(de)(de)菌(jun)數，從而通過硝化(hua)-反硝化(hua)作用(yong)。